UVB and UVA as eustressors in horticultural and agricultural crops. UV impacts avoided by the Montreal Protocol. Quantifying the ozone and ultraviolet benefits already achieved by the Montreal Protocol. Impact of the Montreal Protocol on Antarctic surface mass balance and implications for global sea level rise. The importance of the Montreal Protocol in mitigating the potential intensity of tropical cyclones. The importance of the Montreal Protocol in protecting Earth’s hydroclimate. The importance of the Montreal Protocol in protecting climate. Stratospheric ozone depletion: a review of concepts and history. Stratospheric sink for chlorofluoromethanes: chlorine atom-catalysed destruction of ozone. The interactive effects of stratospheric ozone depletion, UV radiation, and climate change on aquatic ecosystems. Linkages between stratospheric ozone, UV radiation and climate change and their implications for terrestrial ecosystems. Human health in relation to exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation under changing stratospheric ozone and climate. Effects of enhanced UV-B radiation on plant physiology and growth on the Tibetan Plateau: a meta-analysis. A meta-analysis of plant field studies simulating stratospheric ozone depletion. A meta-analysis of the responses of woody and herbaceous plants to elevated ultraviolet-B radiation. Responses of plants in polar regions to UVB exposure: a meta-analysis. Patterns, mechanisms, and interactions with climate change.
Effects of solar ultraviolet radiation on terrestrial ecosystems. ‘World avoided’ simulations with the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model. What would have happened to the ozone layer if chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) had not been regulated? Atmos. The world avoided by the Montreal Protocol. Greenhouse effect due to chlorofluorocarbons: climatic implications. Success of Montreal Protocol demonstrated by comparing high-quality UV measurements with ‘World Avoided’ calculations from two chemistry-climate models.
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Skin cancer risks avoided by the Montreal Protocol-worldwide modeling integrating coupled climate‐chemistry models with a risk model for UV. 58 (Global Ozone and Research Monitoring Project, 2018). Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 2018. Our findings suggest that the Montreal Protocol may also be helping to mitigate climate change through avoided decreases in the land carbon sink. This change could have resulted in an additional 115–235 parts per million of atmospheric carbon dioxide, which might have led to additional warming of global-mean surface temperature by 0.50–1.0 degrees. Considering a range of strengths for the effect of ultraviolet radiation on plant growth 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, we estimate that there could have been 325–690 billion tonnes less carbon held in plants and soils by the end of this century (2080–2099) without the Montreal Protocol (as compared to climate projections with controls on ozone-depleting substances). Here, using a modelling framework that couples ozone depletion, climate change, damage to plants by ultraviolet radiation and the carbon cycle, we explore the benefits of avoided increases in ultraviolet radiation and changes in climate on the terrestrial biosphere and its capacity as a carbon sink.
The avoided ultraviolet radiation and climate change also have co-benefits for plants and their capacity to store carbon through photosynthesis 8, but this has not previously been investigated. The Montreal Protocol has co-benefits for climate change mitigation, because ozone-depleting substances are potent greenhouse gases 4, 5, 6, 7.
The control of the production of ozone-depleting substances through the Montreal Protocol means that the stratospheric ozone layer is recovering 1 and that consequent increases in harmful surface ultraviolet radiation are being avoided 2, 3.